Analgesia: Picking out the pieces of GABA receptors

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Selective stimulation of the pentameric GABA_A receptor alpha 2 and alpha 3 subunits dulls pain in rats without causing sedation.

Inflammatory diseases and neuropathic insults are often accompanied by severe chronic pain that can be unresponsive to conventional analgesic treatments. Although inhibitory GABAergic neurons control the relay of nociceptive signals from the periphery to higher areas of the CNS, systemic GABA_A receptor-enhancing drugs such as benzodiazepines — used clinically for their sedative, anxiolytic and anticonvulsant effects — largely lack clinical efficacy for pain. Now, Knabl and colleagues, writing in Nature, show that analgesia can be achieved by targeting specific GABA_A receptor subtypes.

First, the authors demonstrated that intrathecal injections of the classic benzodiazepine diazepam exerted dose-dependent antinociceptive effects at the level of the spinal cord. To identify the GABA_A receptor isoforms responsible for the antinociceptive activity, four types of GABA_A receptor point-mutated knock-in mice were studied. These mutant mice had benozodiazepine-sensitive GABA_A receptor subunits — either alpha 1, alpha 2, alpha 3 or alpha 5 — that were selectively rendered insensitive to diazepam. All four types of diazepam-insensitive mice developed nearly identical pain sensitization as wild-type mice after induction of inflammation or peripheral nerve injury. When the antinociceptive activity of diazepam was assessed, similar anti-hyperalgesic effects were seen in mice carrying diazepam-insensitive alpha 1 subunits compared with wild-type. By contrast, diazepam-induced anti-hyperalgesia was reduced in alpha 2-mutant mice in the two pain models that were tested — inflammation-induced heat hyperalgesia, and cold allodynia and mechanical allodynia evoked by peripheral nerve injury. Mice with alpha 3 or alpha 5 mutations showed smaller reductions, and only in a subset of pain models.

To investigate the benzodiazepine-sensitive GABA_A receptor isoforms expressed at sites where the anti-hyperalgesic effects of diazepam might originate, the authors used electrophysiological recordings from superficial dorsal horn neurons of the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) nociceptive neurons, and confocal immunofluorescence microscopy of dorsal horn GABA_A receptor alpha -subunits. Both series of experiments indicated that intrinsic dorsal horn neurons express mainly GABA_A receptor isoforms containing alpha 2 and alpha 3 subunits, whereas alpha 2 is the dominant diazepam-sensitive GABA_A receptor alpha -subunit in DRG neurons.

As results indicated that the spinal antinociceptive effect of diazepam is mediated predominately by GABA_A receptor isoforms containing the alpha 2 and alpha 3 subunits, the authors next tested whether analgesia could be achieved after treatment with a subtype-selective benzodiazepine-site agonist, L-838,417.

L-838,417 is a partial agonist at alpha 2, alpha 3 and alpha 5 subunits and an antagonist at alpha 1 subunits. In rats, this compound produced anti-hyperalgesia in inflammatory and neuropathic pain models. L-838,417 did not impair motor coordination, and although its maximum analgesic effect was comparable with morphine, unlike this opioid, L-838,417 did not lose efficacy in a chronic dose regime.

Although yet to be tested in clinical studies, this study identifies GABA_A receptors containing alpha 2 and alpha 3 subunits as crucial components of spinal pain control, and provides a rationale for the development of subtype-selective GABA_A receptor modulators as a potential new class of drugs for chronic pain.

Charlotte Harrison

References

Knabl, J. et al. Reversal of pathological pain through specific spinal GABA_A receptor subtypes. Nature 451, 330–334 (2008) | Article | PubMed |